The Perspective of consumers

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Understanding consumers consumers from term foreign, english consumer and dutch consument, literally defined as ' the people or companies buying goods' or ' someone who uses a supplies or affair a number.

These also define ' everyone who uses goods or work'. Of sense above seen that there are distinction between consumers as a corporation or body corporate. Differencing is important to distinguishing whether consumers they use of the good for itself or for commercial purposes ( sold, produced again ). In the legislations in indonesia term ' consumers' as definition juridical formal found on act no 08 year 1999 on consumer protection ( uupk )

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The Business Activities In The Field Of Freight Transportation

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Transport as a business is the business activities in the field of freight transportation by means of tools that use mechanical transport. Tool carrier mechanics for example is a hopper for transporting goods, trains for transporting the passenger, trucks for hauling freight, buses for transporting goods, and passenger ships to transport passengers.

The business activities of the company are always individual, Association, or other legal entity. Because running the freight business, the company aims to earn profits and/or profit. Every company engaged in the freight business must obtain permission from the Government in accordance with the freight services running. Company field of freight hauling companies often referred to.

Company business activities include transportation services: a. Transportation by train b. carriage of motor vehicles with public Transportation c. with naval ships, boats and ships crossing the river. d. Transport by airplane

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The UNDERSTANDING Copyright

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UNDERSTANDING Copyright (article 2 of law No. 12 of 1997) Copyright is a right for the creator or the recipient the right to announce the creation or reproduce and give permission for it to not reduce limitations according to the applicable laws and regulations.

The sense of article 1, this shows the 1997 UUHC influence of adherents of Natural right theory in understanding the copyright. The formulation of the notion of copyright in UUHC 1997 it self does not expressly provide a basic understanding of legal philosophy behind formulation of his understanding. In Natural right theory, there are two approaches: the first Approach in respect of copyright is based on business results (labor set in by the followers of John Locke/Lockean) and personality (personality set in by followers of Hegel's notion of the entitlement/Hegelian). Can be referred to as a venture approach and personality.

The second approach is a state policy, namely the copyright as a State policy to achieve the objectives that have been determined (such as increased creativity, the development of useful arts, build the market for fruit that is well thought of man and each other).

WARWICK, SHELLY dalam “Is Copyright  Ethical? An Examination of the Theories, Laws, and Practices Regarding the Private Ownership of Intellectual Work in the United States”. Reably Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston College, June 4-5 1999

Reably “WIPO: About Intellectual Property”

Copyright and Related Rights: Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works (including computer software). Related rights are granted to performing artists, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations in their radio and television programmes.

compehered copy right by Black’s Law Dictionary:

One who produces  by his own intellectual labor applied to the materials of his composition, an arrangement or compilation new in itself….

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The Meaning of Tax

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Tax is premium the people to state treasury based on act ( which can imposed ) without breach or got services lead ( kontraprestasi ) which directly can be shown and used to pay expenditure common. Can be concluded that tax having elements:

1. Premium of the people to the state.
2. Based on act
3. Without merit lead or kontraprestasi
4. To finance household countries.

Function tax there are two functions tax

1. Function budgetair
2. Regulered whose theories support tax collection.

• Theories one of the is:

1. Theory insurance
2. Theory interests
3. Theory resources bore. To measure power picul can be used 2 approach. a.unsur objective b.unsur subjective
4. Theory the principle of purchasing power tax laws materially and formil tax laws governing relations between the government ( fiscus ) as tax collector with the people as taxpayer.

There are two sorts of tax laws which are: 1.Tax law materyl 2.Tax Law formyl.

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Insider Trading

"Insider trading" is a term that most investors have heard and usually associate with illegal conduct. But the term actually includes both legal and illegal conduct. The legal version is when corporate insiders officers, directors, and employees buy and sell stock in their own companies. When corporate insiders trade in their own securities, they must report their trades to the SEC.

Illegal insider trading refers generally to buying or selling a security, in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in possession of material, nonpublic information about the security. Insider trading violations may also include "tipping" such information, securities trading by the person "tipped," and securities trading by those who misappropriate such information.

Rif'atul Machmudah (11220027)

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Painting The Tape

Painting the tape is the illegal practice of making a sale for the explicit purpose of changing the stock price.  A fund manager might, for example, buy 100 shares of a stock at an unusually high price right before the market closes at the end of the month.  Then he can report that his entire long position in that stock is worth that price.  Brokers have even more control over the tape.  If they have two orders they can buy the stock from one customer at one price then immediately sell it to another customer at a different price.

This practice works because traditional analysis gives so much weight to some prints while ignoring others.  Most analysis gives a very high weighting to the last print before the close.  This value can be manipulated, especially in low volume stocks and stocks with large spreads.

We use statistical analysis to avoid this problem.  When we see one small print which does not correspond to the general trend, we throw that point away.  This applies to explicit manipulation, like painting the tape, and to legitimate random noise in the market.

Although someone can request alerts based on the close price, this is the exception.  Most of our alerts do not give strong weighting to any one price, and they do not act differently when the market closes.  If there is a lot of volume after the market closes, we will continue to update the alerts.  Additionally the user can filter the alerts to remove stocks trading on low volume or with large spreads.  This allows the user to ignore stocks which are easily manipulated.

Rif'atul Machmudah (11220027)

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Intellectual Property Rigths

IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) are legal rights relating to inventions and creativity issues a person or persons associated with the protection of the reputation issues in the field of commercial (commercial reputation) and actions / services in the commercial field (goodwill). The main object of IPR are the work, creation, form of the mind, or the human intellectual. The word " intellectual " reflected that the object of the intellectual property is intelligence, intellect, or the product of human thought ( the Creations of the Human Mind ) ( WIPO , 1988:3 )

Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, trade dress, and trade secrets in some jurisdictions.

Islam protect IPR as well. Dr. Fath'i Duraini in his book al-Haq al-Ibtikār fi al-Fiqh al-Islami al-Muqāran said: The majority of scholars of the Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali argues that the copyright on the creation of original and useful classified precious treasure, as objects, which may be utilized Personality 'or Islamic law (al-Duraini, 1984: 20).

Mudawamah - 11220079

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The Securities

One of the main characteristics of the securities is the possibility to be traded. To avoid usury, how should the sale of securities in order to be allowed. When viewed in detail, sale of securities can be divided into two, namely securities representing 'ayn and dayn representing securities (debt). In the business perspective of sharia law, securities representing 'ayn (ownership asset)  are allowed to be traded.

So, in Islamic economics perspective prohibit to trade debt, just allow to trade an ownership asset.


Mudawamah - 11220079

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Limited Company is Musharaka

Limited Company, hereinafter referred to as the company, is a legal entity which is a capital alliance, established under the agreement, to conduct business with all of the basic capital divided into shares and meet the requirements set forth in this law and its implementing regulations. (Article 1, paragraph 1 of Law No. 40 of 2007)

Musharaka (shirkah or syarikah or union or partnership) is a common form of business for the results where two or more people donate finance and business management, the proportion can be the same or not. Profits are shared according to the agreement between the partners, and the losses will be distributed according to the proportion of capital. Musharaka transactions based on the desire of the parties to work together to increase the value of their assets jointly with integrating all resources.

Based on the both definitions, company has the same meaning with Musharaka, so in Islamic Economics, limited company include of Musharaka.

source: UU No.40/2007

Mudawamah - 11220079

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Sharia Banking Efforts Maintain principles of Shariah

Sharia Banking Efforts  Maintain principles of Shariah

Although an agency bears the name of shari'ah, but it is also possible in the operations deviating from that carried the name . In conducting its business of Bank Based on Shariah Principles that seeks to preserve and maintain the principles of shari'ah " ah is maintained in operation . Efforts were made ​​can be noted include:
A. Through the organizational structure
In the organizational structure of the bank shari'ah " ah , no institution in charge of and responsible for providing oversight of the bank's operations shari'ah, the Sharia Supervisory Board. These institutions are usually placed on the BOC level position at each bank. Sharia Supervisory Board Member set by the Shareholders Meeting of candidates who have received a recommendation from the Board of Shariah " National. Shariah Supervisory Board charge of researching new products shari'ah bank " ah and provide recommendations on new products as well as making a statement that it supervises banks still run the business based on the principles of shari'ah.
B. Funded through the Business of Business
Other efforts of the bank shari'ah to keep the business carried on fixed according to the provisions of shari'ah is financed through venture business . Before approving the proposal by the bank financing shari'ah, selected first things that relate to the financing business . This was done to avoid financed contrary to the principles of shari'ah.
C. Work Environment and Corporate culture
A bank shari'ah should have a working environment in line with the shari'ah. In terms of ethics , such as the nature of trust and Siddiq , must underpin every employee , so that the integrity of the executive reflected a good Muslim . In addition, bank employees shari'ah must be skillful and professional ( fathanah ), and able to perform tasks in a team -work, in which the information evenly across functional organizations ( sermons ) . Similarly, in terms of reward and punishment , is necessary in accordance with the principles of justice that shari'ah.

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